PENDEKATAN PROSES DAN MODEL-MODEL KEBIJAKAN

Abstract

Public policy is a crucial instrument in determining the direction of development and societal welfare. However, in the Indonesian context, the policy process often faces various challenges such as weak cross-sectoral coordination, the dominance of political interests, and the lack of consistency in implementation and evaluation. This study aims to systematically analyze the policy process approach, examine the relevance of various policy models, and identify the gaps between theory and practice in Indonesia. The research employed a library research method by reviewing relevant literature including books, journal articles, research reports, and official documents. The findings reveal that Indonesia’s policy process has not fully followed the ideal stages, as evaluation remains weak, agenda setting tends to be dominated by elite interests, and public participation is far from optimal. In terms of policy models, practice is largely dominated by the incremental model, although the rational model, mixed scanning, and advocacy coalition framework remain relevant depending on the issue. The study concludes that strengthening policy processes requires consistency across all stages, flexibility in selecting models based on context, improvement of bureaucratic capacity, and more inclusive public participation. Therefore, this research is expected to contribute to enhancing the quality of public policy governance in Indonesia.